Present Perfect

• Δεν ξέρω πότε έγινε κάτι (Παρελθοντοπαρόν / Παρακείμενος)

• Have + ed (ή 3η στήλη αν το ρήμα είναι ανώμαλο)

• Σχηματισμός

I have played / I have left

Have I played? / Have I left?

I haven't played / I haven't left


ΧΡΗΣΕΙΣ

1. Unspecified Time Before Now: Έγινε κάτι στο παρελθόν και δεν ξέρω πότε. Δεν αναφέρεται ο χρόνος που έγινε το συμβάν είτε γιατί δεν με ενδιαφέρει είτε γιατί δεν ξέρω πότε έγινε. Σημασία έχει ότι έγινε (ενώ στον Simple Past σημασία έχει το πότε έγινε το συμβάν).

I have eaten too much... (# I eat too much yesterday)
Kim has bought a new mobile phone...


2. Για μια πράξη που ξεκίνησε στο παρελθόν και...

α) ...είτε συνεχίζεται μέχρι τώρα (hasta ahora) είτε έχει τελειώσει πάρα πολύ πρόσφατα (últimamente).

I have been ill since Monday...
I have been a salesman since 2003.

β) ...έχει τελείωσε στο παρελθόν αλλά τα αποτελέσματα της είναι ορατά στο παρόν.

I'm very tired. I have done all the housework...
They have done their shopping (λέω σχολιάζοντας μια φωτογραφία που δείχνε μια οικογένεια να βγαίνει από ένα σούπερ μάρκετ).


3. (Burbuja temporal!) Για μια πράξη που αναφέρεται σε μια χρονική περίοδο η οποία δεν έχει τελειώσει την στιγμή που μιλάμε (π.χ. μιλάμε για this week και είναι ακόμα Τετάρτη). Δηλαδή, η πράξη ξεκίνησε στο παρελθόν, συνεχίζεται στο παρόν, και θα ολοκληρωθεί όταν τελειώσει κι η χρονική περίοδος στην οποία αναφέρομαι (την Κυριακή).

I have drunk three cups of coffee today.


4. Όταν θέλω να δώσω έμφαση στο πόσες φορές έχω κάνει μια πράξη (una vez, muchas veces, algunas veces...) χρησιμοποιώ Presente Perfect.

I have seen 3 films so far.
I have cooked 5 different meals this morning / today / so far.



5. Xρησιμοποιούμε:

• Presente Perfect για να ανακοινώσουμε ένα γεγονός αλλά...
• Simple Past (ή Past Continuous) για να δώσουμε λεπτομέρειες γι' αυτό.

I have been to a party in my neighbourhood. A lot of people were there and I had a great time. My sister didn't come with me...

 

Topics: How do we actually use the Present Perfect

 

TOPIC 1: Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

• I have been to France.
  This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
  You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
  This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
  B: No, I have not met him.

 

TOPIC 2: Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

 

TOPIC 3: Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.

 

TOPIC 4: An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.

 

TOPIC 5: Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

NOTES

1. Με τα ρήματα feel, live, work, teach μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε Present Perfect και Present Perfect Continuous χωρίς καμία διαφορά στο νόημα.

I have lived in London for three years.
I have been living in London for three years. 


2. Επειδή στις χρονικές προτάσεις απαγορεύεται να χρησιμοποιούμε οποιαδήποτε μορφή Future τότε χρησιμοποιούμε Presente Perfect στην θέση του Future Perfect.

I'm going to watch a film when I have finished my homework. Correct

και όχι

I'm going to watch a film when I will have finished my homework. Incorrect
 



ΧΡΟΝΙΚΕΣ ΕΚΦΡΑΣΕΙΣ

ΣΕ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ

already      We have already eaten our lunch

always       She has always wanted to travel abroad

for             I have known them for six years

just            I have just posted your letter

recently     She has recently published a book

since         She has been ill since Monday

so far        I have eaten tree cakes so far   



ΣΕ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ

ever                 Have I ever told you that I love you?

how long         How long have you been married?

yet                   Has Paul left yet?

lately               Have I told you lately that I love you?


ΣΕ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

for              I haven't talked to him for days

since          I haven't travelled abroad since 2005

yet              The truth is that I haven't called him yet 

lately          I haven't seen John lately

never         The have never worked abroad