Adjective / Adverbs

Opinion adjectives = προσωπική γνώμη (exciting, beautiful, dificult

Fact adjectives = πραγματική περιγραφή (tall, thin, big, black)


a) present participle

• never-ending journey

b) past participle

• broken-down washing machine

c) well / badly + past participle

• well-behaved child
• badly made furniture

d) cardinal numbers + nouns

• a tree-hour delay (not: three-hours delay)

e) nouns used like adjectives in front of other nouns

• morning paper (morning papers)
• coffee table (coffee tables)

Order of adjectives

opinion adjective + size + age + shape + colour + origin + material + used for + noun

• Fantastic small new round red Chinese plastic alarm clock

NOTES:
1. ordinal numbers / cardinal numbers
first, second, third... / one, two, three

• The first two weeks..

2. afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, contend, glad, ill, pleased... + NO NOUN

• The man was alive
• Karen was ill today

3. The + adjective (referring to a group of people generally)
The young are the hope of a nation (but: the young people are the hope of a nation)
The middle-aged
The elderly
The deaf
The disabled (the disabled people)



4. Υπάρχει διαφορά νοηματος στα παρακάτω επίθετα:
gold / golden
silk / silky
stone / stony



 Adverbs

An adverb is a word (carefully) or set of words (in the morning) that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent (how often or how much e.g., daily, completely).

• He speaks slowly (tells how)
• He speaks very slowly (the adverb very tells how slowly)
• She arrived today (tells when)
• She will arrive in an hour (this adverb phrase tells when)
• Let's go outside (tells where)
• We looked in the basement (this adverb phrase tells where)
• Bernie left to avoid trouble (this adverb phrase tells why)
• Jorge works out strenuously (tells to what extent)
• Jorge works out whenever possible (this adverb phrase tells to what extent)

Formation of Adverbs

1. In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding -ly to an adjective

 

 

2. If the adjective ends in -y, replace the y with i and add -ly

Adjective	Adverb
easy	easily
angry	angrily
happy	happily
lucky	luckily

 

  

3. If the adjective ends in -able, -ible, or -le, replace the -e with -y.

Adjective	Adverb
probable	probably
terrible	terribly
gentle	gently

 

 

 4. If the adjective ends in -e add -ly

Adjective	Adverb

  polite              politely

 

 

 5. If the adjective ends in -l add -ly

Adjective	Adverb

   awful              awfully

 

  

6. If the adjective ends in -ic, add -ally. Exception: public -> publicly

Adjective	Adverb
basic	basically
tragic	tragically
economic	economically

 

  

7. Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective (they are used as both adjective and adverb): early, late, fast, free, hard, high, low, near, leisurely, deep, straight, wrong, long, right, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly.

• It is a fast car. / He drives very fast.
• This is a hard exercise. / He works hard.
• We saw many high buildings. / The bird flew high in the sky.
• Bella Donna is a weekly magazine. / It comes out weekly.

 

 

8. Some adverbs are often used without the -ly in the end of the word in every day English : quick/quickly, loud/loudly, cheap/cheaply, tight/tightly, fair/fairly, slow/slowly.
Come here quick (instead of: come here quickly)

 

 

 9. Well is the adverb that corresponds to the adjective good.

• He is a good student.
• He studies well.
• She is a good pianist.
• She plays the piano well.
• They are good swimmers.
• They swim well.

10. The following words end in -ly are adjectives NOT ADVERBS:
Lonely, elderly, cowardly, friendly, likely, deadly, lively, silly, ugly, lovely.

• She's a lively child.

We use the word way or manner to form their adverbs

• She greeted me in a friendly way.

 

11. By adding the suffixes wise, ways, ward and wards

• She glanced sideways at the visitor.
• I looked upwards.
• Let’s march forward.
• He crawled crab-wise across the floor.

NOTE: Most of these words can be used both as adverbs and adjectives.
upward trend (Here upward is an adjective qualifying the noun trend) 
sideways glance (Here sideways is an adjectives qualifying the noun glance.).


12. Some compounds made of a preposition + noun = adverbs.
Examples are: afoot (on foot), abed, aboard, ahead, away, besides, today, tomorrow etc.


13. Some compounds made of a preposition + adjective = adverbs.
Examples are: abroad, along, aloud, around, anew, behind, below etc.

14. Some compounds made of an adverb + preposition = adverbs:

Examples are: hereafter, hereby, herein, wherefore, thereupon, therein, henceforth etc.


15. Adverb phrases

He drives carefully.

He drives with care.

Here carefully is an adverb showing the manner in which he drives.
With care is a phrase which means the same as carefully and does the work of an adverb. Hence it is an adverb phrase. It is possible to substitute an adverb phrase for an adverb.
Most adverb phrases begin with a preposition. Note that not all adverbs can be changed into an adverb phrase or vice versa.

• He fought courageously.
• He fought with courage.
• She searched everywhere.
• She searched all over the place.
• He looked at me suspiciously.
• He looked at me with suspicion.
• The workers hurried towards their homes.
• The workers hurried homeward.

ORDER OF ADVERBS

 

1. Manner

• He acted foolishly.
• He easily passed the exams.
• We are eagerly waiting for your letter.

2. Degree (absolutely, completely, totally, extremely, very, quite, rather, etc.)

• I don't quite understand what you say.
• This is totally unacceptable.
• They arrived very early.
• We absolutely love his sense of humour.

3. Frequency:

• He is always ready to help.
• He often complain about the salary.

4. Place and time*:

• There is a café nearby.
• I'll meet you tomorrow.

* Κάποια μονοσύλλαβα επιρρήματα χρόνου, soon, then, now μπορούν να μπουν και πριν απο το κύριο και μετά το βοηθητικό.

• He will soon change his mind.
• He She then told him what had happened. 

5. Σειρά επιρρημάτων: manner - place - time

• The baby slept quietly in his room all night long.

* Μετά από ρήματα κίνησης (come, go, leave, arrive): place - manner - time

• He came to work by bus this morning.

Adverbs of degree

Fairly / Quite / Rather - Pretty / Very

1. Fairly

a + fairly + adjective

• This is  a  fairly  good CD but it's not the best they have made.

2.  Quite

a) quite + a / an + adjective

• This is  quite  a  good CD. You ought to buy it.

b) quite + adjective (like: horrible, ridiculous, brilliant, amazing, extraordinary, useless, impossible, true, exhausted, certain etc.)

• This machine is  quite  useless.
• I'm  quite  certain about it.

3. Rather / Pretty

a) Rather + a / an +adjective

• She has rather a soft voice

b) a + rather + adjective

• She has a rather soft voice

c) rather + adjective (comparative form)

• She is rather more experienced professional than her sister.
• She is rather smarter person than her sister.

d) rather + too + adjective

• She spends rather too much money on clothes.

e) a + pretty + adjective

• She had a pretty nasty accident the other day.

4. Very