Past Perfect

Past Perfect (Υπερσυντέλλικος)

ΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΣ
Had (have σε past simple) + ρήμα σε -ed (ή αν είναι ανώμαλο σε τρίτη στήλη).

I had worked / gone

Had I worked / gone?

I had not worked / gone



ΧΡΗΣΕΙΣ

1.
(a). Δύο πράξεις Α και Β: και οι δυο στο ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ

Πράξη (Α) πριν από πράξη (Β)
Πράξη Α = Past Perfect 
Πράξη Β = Simple Past

I had already left (Α) when you came (Β) / You came but I had already left.

* H πράξη Α (past perfect) μπορεί απόλυτα να αντικατασταθεί από την Perfect Participle (δηλ. having + -ed ή 3η στήλη. Προσοχή: η Perfect Participle έχει τον ίδιο σχηματισμό με το perfect  gerund => having taken το ένα having taken το άλλο).
After he had taken a shower he went out.
Having taken a shower he went out.

(b).
Πράξη (Α) πριν από συγκεκριμένη χρονική στιγμή: και οι δυο στο ΠΑΡΕΛΘΟΝ.
Πράξη Α = Past Perfect
Συγκεκριμένη Χρονική Στιγμή = π.χ. by then

I had already left by then.



2.
(a). Μια πράξη Α στο παρελθόν: ξεκίνησε και τελείωσε στο παρελθόν

I had been ill since Monday.

(b) Μια πράξη Α στο παρελθόν: ξεκίνησε και τελείωσε στο παρελθόν  και τα αποτελέσματα της ήταν ορατά στο παρελθόν.

• Πράξη που άρχισε και τελείωσε στο παρελθόν = Past Perfect
• Αποτελέσματα πράξης που ήταν ορατά στο παρελθόν = Simple Past

I had painted my room. It looked brand new!



ΧΡΟΝΙΚΕΣ ΛΕΞΕΙΣ

1.
Ρήμα Α σε  Past Perfect + before / after + ρήμα Β σε Simple Past  
Ρήμα Α σε  Past Perfect + χρονική στιγμή

I had left before you came into the room.
I had left after he arrived.
I had left after midnight.
I had left before 6 o' clock.

2. when (με ρήμα σε Simple Past) + κύρια πρόταση σε Past Perfect

When you called me, I had already left.

3. By the time (με ρήμα σε Simple Past) + κύρια πρόταση σε Past Perfect

 By the time you called, I had already finished cooking.


4. by + χρονική στιγμή + κύρια πρόταση σε Past Perfect

By midnight, I had already finished cooking.


5. Κύρια πρόταση σε Past Perfect (συνήθως σε άρνηση) + until / till + πρόταση (με ρήμα σε Simple Past) ή χρονική στιγμή

You hadn't slept until / till you finished your homework
You hadn't slept until / till midnight
I hadn't worried till you called me

ΧΡΗΣΗ

Με όλες τις χρονικές λέξεις κλειδιά του Present Perfect

ΣΕ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ

for             I had known them for six years

since         She had been ill since Monday

already      We had already eaten our lunch when she came into the room

just            I had just posted your letter when he entered the office 

always       She had always wanted to travel abroad and he did it.

recently     She had recently published a book when he died


so far        I had eaten tree cakes so far when she decided to throw them away.  



ΣΕ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ

ever                  Had I ever told you that I loved you?

how long         How long had you been married?

yet                   Had Paul left yet?

lately               Had I told you lately that I loved you?


ΣΕ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

for              I hadn't talked to him for days until I met him accidently.

since          I hadn't travelled abroad since 2005

yet              The truth was that I hadn't called him yet 

lately          I hadn't seen John lately

never         They had never worked abroad until they moved to NY